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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Abstract symbols, 185
Action, facilitating, 73
Action-to-action transitions, 153
Activity diagram, 127­128, 129­130
Act of Creation, The (Koestler), 252
Advertising, 5, 16, 204
Aesthetic-pragmatic critique, 236
Aldine Press, 28
Alphabet, 24, 241­242
Ambiguity, 14
Analysis, 227­228
Angle, 197
Animation, 16, 204, 240
Arbitrariness, 14
Architects, architecture, 203
Architectural rendering, 203
Area diagrams, 211­212
Arrows, 70, 89­90, 98, 116, 168, 172, 184, 185, 196
Art, art work, 14, 23, 28
Aspect-to-aspect transitions, 154
Assmann, Jan, 25, 26
Associations: context and, 85
Attention, focusing, 185­186


Background, 75, 89­90, 91, 163, 172, 196, 226
Balloons, speech and thought, 134, 138
Bar charts, 30, 34, 36
Bar graphs, 28, 35
Barn door, 156
Berners-Lee, Tim, 48
Bertin, Jacques, 48, 65, 227­228
Biederman, Irving, 67­68
Blocks of type, 189
Bonsiepe, Gui, 47
Books, 27, 28
Booze, Allen, and Hamilton, 45, 47
Branching structures, 27, 28
Bruner, Jerome: On Knowing, 251
Business diagrams, 133, 169
Business environments, 234
Business graphics, 203
Buxton, Dr., 30

CAD, 204
Calendars, 167
Camera angle, 143
Cameras, 4
Cards, 95
Carpenter, Loren, 48
Cartoons, cartooning, 5, 14, 133, 134, 158, 204
semantics of, 135­142
Cassirer, Ernst: Language and Myth, 251
Champollion, Jean-Francois, 25
Change: and stasis, 108
Charlemagne, 27
Charting software, 17
Chartjunk, 236
Charts, 169, 204
types of, 27, 29, 30, 35, 36, 40, 41­42, 43, 184, 188
quantitative comparisons and, 179­180
statistical, 33­34
Checkerboard, 156
China, 24, 27
Chinese, 24
Chinese box diagram, 87
Choices, 188
Chunks, chunking, 104, 135, 187
Cicero: In Somnium Scioponis, 27
Circle graphs, 33, 35
City plan, 24
Classification, 188
Clauses, 53
Cleveland, William, 235
Clip art libraries, 18
Clocks, 167
Closed forms, 75­76
Closure, 151, 152
Cluster diagrams, 188, 127­128, 211
Clusters, clustering, 104, 187, 188, 190
Codexes, 27
Cognitive science, 237
Cole, William, 238
Color, 70
Columns, 189
Comics, comic books, 16, 141­142, 204
Commentary, 223
Commercial and Political Atlas, The (Playfair), 33, 34
Common region, 75­76
Communication, 15, 21, 152, 250
cross-cultural, 219­220
international, 221­22
Communication units, 14, 20, 26, 55­56, 91, 253­254
and metaphors, 120, 121­122
and tight integration, 99­100, 109­110
Community of users, 13
Comparisons, 178
quantitative, 179­180
Completion, 103
Complex issues: visibility and accessibility of, 205­206
Component determination, 68
Components, 179
Composition, 54, 143, 145­146
Compositional distinctions, 145­146
Computer-aided animation, 204
Computer-aided design. See CAD
Computers, 22, 134, 199
flow charts and, 36, 43
graphic, 15, 17­18, 22, 50
Concept diagrams, 55­56, 59­60, 61, 109, 121, 253
Concepts: context of, 191­192
Congruence, 119
Connectedness, 75­76
Connections, 224
social context, 209­210
Context, 69, 85, 92, 126, 159, 163, 227
of concepts, 191­192
Context matching, 68
Continuation, 75­76
Contrast, 195
Convention(s), 14, 224
Conventionality, 125
Coordinate systems, 23, 29
Corporate data, 131
Corporate functions, 131
Corporations, multinational, 221
Costelloe, M. F. P., 36
Course development, developers, 203
CPM charts, 45­46, 47
Creole, 5, 14, 249
Criteria: for visual language use, 235­236
Critical Path Method. See CPM charts
Cross-boundary issues, 207­208
Cross-ethnic teams, 250
Cross-section diagrams, 164
Culkin, John, 241
Cultural impacts, 245­246
Cumulative frequency graph, 35
Curve-fitting to scatterplot, 35
Curves, 27
Cycle chart, 169

Data, 16, 29, 49, 111
Data-ink ratio, 236
Data models, 131
Data plotting, 30
Data recording, 23, 29
da Vinci, Leonardo, 29
Decision logic tables, 44, 47
Definition(s), 174
Descartes, René: La Geometrié, 29
Description of a Chart of Biography, A (Priestly), 31
Design, 204
information, 237­238
overall page and screen, 189­190
Detail, 196
Determinatives, 23, 26
"Diagram is (Sometimes) Worth 10,000 Words, A" (Simon and Larkin), 124
Diagrams, diagramming, 5, 45­46, 47, 133, 158
types of, 28, 35, 38, 55­56, 59­60, 87, 88, 109, 121, 164, 169, 188, 211­212, 253
semantics of, 123­134
Dictionary of Statistics, The (Mulhall), 39
Dimensionality, 89, 92
Disambiguation, 101
Discrete element syntax, 91
Display, 20
Display screens, 21
Dissolve, 155
Distance, 143
Distance learning, 250
Distortion, 171, 254
Division, 188
Division of labor, 107
in metaphors, 119­120
Documents, 53, 192, 232
Dondis, Donis 145
A Primer of Visual Literacy, 4, 252
Dordogne, 23
Drafting, 204
Drawing software, 18
Drebin, Bob, 48
Drexler, Allan, 215
Drexler-Sibbet theory of group stages, 215­216
Drop shadow, 89­90
du Pont de Nemours and Company, E. I., 45, 47

Earth, 24, 95
Edge extraction, 67
Education, 247­248
Edward I, 27
Eells, Walter, 36
Effectiveness, 14
of visual language, 233­238
Egypt, 23, 24, 27
Egyptian language, 7, 14, 25­26
Ekman, Paul, 139
Elements, 82, 90
arrangement of, 77­80
See also Visual elements
Embedding, 20
Emotion: in cartoons, 139­140
Engineering, engineers, 29, 30, 204
Entailments, 113, 115
Esperanto, 5
ETC, 213­214
Euclid, 24
Eudoxus of Cnidus, 24
Euler diagram, 88
Event diagram, 127­128, 129­130
Exaggeration, 198
Example(s), 102, 175­176
Excellence, cannons of, 236
Experiences in Visual Thinking (McKim), 213, 251
Expression, 13, 135, 139­140
Express-Test-Cycle. See ETC
Externalization of ideas in problem solving, 48
Theory of semiotics of graphics, 48
Eye: directing the, 229­230

Faces: in cartoons, 139­140
Fade, 155
Fantasy, 172
Farnese Atlas, The, 24
Faruque, Omar, 147
Feelings: social context of, 209­210
Figure, 75
Film, 143, 172
Flow, 135
Flow charts, 36, 43
Focusers, 185, 186
Footage, 203
Foreground, 75, 91, 172
Form, 83
Fourier, J. B. J., 35
Frame, 104, 143, 144, 168, 171, 196
France, 23
Front, 196

Gallini, Joan K., 124
Gantt, Henry L., 36, 41
Gantt charts, 36, 41­42
Gattegno, Caleb: Toward a Visual Culture, 14, 252
Genealogical charts, 27, 29
General Electric, 44, 47
Geometrié, La (Descartes), 29
Geometry, 24, 50
Geons, 67, 68
Gestalt principles, Gestalt theory, 75­76, 81, 91, 111, 152, 196, 237
Gestures, 136
Ghosted diagrams, 164
Gilbreth, Frank, 36
Global impacts, 249­250
Goals, 113
Goldsmith, Evelyn, 69
Good practice, 235
Gospels, 27
Government agencies, 221
Grad, Burton, 44
Graphical perception tasks, 235
Graphical statistics, 36
Graphical user interface, 47
Graphic branching structures, 27
Graphic computers, 15, 17­18, 22, 50
Graphic design, 204
Graphic facilitators, 204
Graphic ideas, 16
Graphic language, 204
Graphic recording, 204
Graphics, 48, 203, 204, 238
information, 55­56, 61­62
quantitative comparisons and, 179­180
Graphs, 28, 29, 33, 35, 204, 236
Grayscale, 70
Greece, 24
Greeting cards, 203
Grids, 190
Ground, 75 See also Background; Foreground
Group consensus, 234
Group Graphics®, 204, 215
Group process, 48, 215­216
Guerry, A. M., 35
Gutenberg, Johannes, 28, 245

Haber, Ralph, 75
Halley, Edmond, 30
Hanrahan, Pat, 48
Hare, Tom, 26
Headings, 190
Henry II, 27
Herschel, J. F. W., 35
Hershenson, Maurice, 75
Hieroglyphics, 7, 14, 25­26
Histograms, 35
History, 13
History of Prices Since the Year 1850 (Mulhall), 39
Homonyms, 26
Horizon, 96
Horizontal table, 87
How it works, 169
How to do it, 170
Human figures, 197
Humboldt, Alexander von, 35
Humor, 193, 194

IALs, 249
Icons, 55­56, 121, 167, 184, 253
and cartoon conventions, 134, 137
geometrical, 67, 68
words and, 57­58
Idea sketching, 203, 231
Ideographs, 25
Illustrations, 28
Image consistency, 151, 152
Images, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11­12, 20, 70, 72, 167, 168, 171, 225, 239
Impact: visual techniques and, 195­198
Impression, 234
Indicating, indication, 173
Infographic (information graphic), 28, 55­56, 61, 62, 110, 122, 203, 253
Infomural (information mural), 26, 55­56, 54, 63­64, 122, 253
Information, 228
Information design, 237­238
Infoscape (Information landscape), 95­96
mural, 63­64
of visual culture, 15­16
Instruction, instructors, 203
Interactive system, 192
Integration, 9, 11
tight, 95­111
See also Percept­concept integration; Tight integration
Interface design, 204
International auxiliary languages. See IALs
International System of Typographic Picture Education. See ISOTYPE
Internet, 15
Interpretation, 254
Iris, 156
Irony, 193, 194
ISOTYPE, 36, 40, 204

Journey, 114
Juxtaposition, 111­112, 193, 197, 239

Kavanagh, T. F., 44, 47
Kay, Alan, 47
Knowing, On (Bruner), 251
Koestler, Arthur: The Act of Creation, 252

Labeling, 102, 173
Lakoff, George, 113, 115
Language(s), 13­14, 23, 53, 239, 250, 251­252
Language aids, 234
Language and Myth (Cassirer), 251
Larkin, J. H.: "A Diagram Is (Sometimes) Worth 10,000 Words," 124
Lascaux, 23
Learning, 233, 250
Libraries, clip art, 18
Lightness, 193, 194
Limitations, 253
Linear networks, 90
Lines, 70, 89­90
functional semantics of, 177, 178
and motion, 171, 172
semantics of, 143, 147­148
Linguistics, 13, 20, 53­54
Lists, 23, 73­74
Location, 198
Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, 45, 47

Magazines, 203
Mandala diagram, 87
Manipulation, 199­200
Manutius, Aldus, 28
Maps, mapping, 23, 30, 35, 97­98, 165­166
Martin, James, 131
Mathematics. See Geometry; Statistics
Matrices, 90, 212, 229­230
Mayer, Richard E., 124
McCloud, Scott, 147, 151, 153, 154
McCluhan, Marshall, 245
McClure, Carma, 131
McKim, Robert, 48
Experiences in Visual Thinking, 213, 251
Meaning(s), 57, 83, 111, 117
Media, 152, 231­232
Meetings, 231, 234
Meeting planners, 204
Memory, short-term, 187, 237
Mergings, 188
Mesopotamia, 23, 24
Metaphors, spatial, 158
Metaphors, visual, 138, 158, 172, 328
semantics of, 113­122
Metonymy, 105
Middle Ages, 27­28
Militari, De re, 28
Miller, George, 237
Minard, Charles Joseph, 35
Mise-en-scene, 144
Moment-to-moment transitions, 153
Monge, Gaspard, 30
Monsieur Crepin, Monsieur Pencil (Topffer), 37
Mood, 107
Morphemes, 53
Morphological units, 69­70
Morphology, 54, 71­72
defined, 51, 65­66
and perception, 67­68
units of, 69­70
Morris, Charles, 13, 14
Motion, 136, 152, 155­156, 171­172, 196
Movable type, 28
Movies, 16
Moving objects, 115
Mulhall, Michael, 36
The Dictionary of Statistics, 39
History of Prices Since the Year 1850, 39
Multimedia, 204, 232, 243
Multinational corporations, 221
Murals, 24, 63­64. See also Infomural
Museum of Social Statistical Graphics, 36
Music, 24

Naming, 173
National Science Foundation, 21
Natural events, phenomena, 167, 171
Navigation, 183
Network diagrams, 87, 212
Networks, 90
Neumann, John von, 36, 43
Neurath, Otto, 36, 40
Neutral visual, 194
Newspapers, 96, 203
Nightingale, Florence, 35, 38
Nodes, 89­90
Non-sequitur transitions, 154
Nuzi, 23

Object identification, 68
Object recognition, 67­68
Objects, 164
Onomatopoeias, 141
Operation, 199­200
Oresme, Nicole, 28
Organizational development, 204
Organization charts, 29, 188
Organization diagram, 127­128
Organization(s), 15, 192
Outlines, 88, 171

Page composition, 18
Page numbers, 28
Palestine, 24
Paper, 27, 30
Paragraphs, 53, 189
Parts, 163
Pattern changes, 172
Percept­concept integration, 95­96, 157
Perception, 67­68, 75
Perspective, 28, 171, 197
Persuasion, 234, 253
PERT charts, 45­46, 47
Phonemes, 53
Phonograms, 23, 24, 25
Photographs, photography, 49
Phrases, 53
Physical experience, 137
Physical phenomena, 136
Pictograms, 24, 36
Pictographic writing, 23
Pictographs, 25, 39, 40
Pidgin, 5, 14, 249
Pie charts, 33, 35, 36
Pixar, 48
Playfair, William, 30, 33­34, 35
The Commercial and Political Atlas, 33, 34
Statistical Breviary, 33
Point(s) of view, 125, 143, 158, 163, 217­218, 223
Polar area diagram, 35, 38
Polaris submarines, 45
POPP diagram, 168
Positions, 171
Pragmatics, 13, 54, 201, 233
multifaceted reading process and, 223­232
social context, 203­222
Prerequisite chart, 184
Presentations, presenters, 15, 48, 203
Priestley, Joseph, 30, 32
A Description of a Chart of Biography, 31
Primer of Visual Literacy , A (Dondis), 4, 252
Primitives, 71­72, 67­68, 77­78
Principle of common region (closed forms), 75­76
Principle of connectedness, 75­76
Principle of good continuation, 75­76
Principle of proximity, 75­76
Principle of similarity, 75­76
Printing, 28, 29, 49
Problem analysis, 211­212
Problem solving, 48, 233
complex issues, 205­206
connections and feelings, 209­210
creative, 213­214
cross-boundary issues, 207­208
Process(es), 126, 132, 169Product cycles, 15
Program Evaluation and Review Technique. See PERT charts
Program logic, 132
Program structure, 132
Progress charts, 36, 41­42
Project Organization Process Procedure diagram. See POPP diagram
Properties, 67
Proposal writers, 203
Prose treatments, 187, 189
Proximity, 75­76
Ptolemy, Ptolemaios, 25, 27
Punctuation: in media of motion, 155­156

Quantitative presentation, 48

Ranges, 179
Ranking, 179
Reading, readers, 48, 73, 189, 192, 204, 240
attitudes of, 193­194
guides for, 183­184
Reading process: multifaceted, 223­232
Reference tools, 240
Reinforcement, 103
Relationships, 180
Remote devices, 199
Remote sensing, 16
Report writers, 203
Representation, multidimensional, 224
Requirements, 254
Rhetoric, 47, 54
functional semantics of, 181­200
Rhetorical functions, 181, 195
Rising sun, 96
Rock, Irving, 151

Saint-Martin, Fernande: Semiotics of Visual Language, 66
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 14
Scales: and metaphors, 121­122
Scatterplots, 35
Scene-to-scene transitions, 154
Schein, Edgar, 219
Schematic diagrams, 28
Science, scientists, 16, 29, 30, 204, 237
Scientific diagrams, 133
Scientific visualization, 204
Script, 24
Second language, 250
Segmentation, 67
Semantic functions, 186
Semantic fusion, 97­98, 117
Semantic integration, 102
Semantic investigations, 99­100
Semantics, 13, 54, 93, 94, 151
of cartooning, 135­142
of composition, 145­146
diagram, 123­134
functional, 159, 161­180
of line, 147­148
of rhetoric, 181­200
of space, 143­144
and tight integration, 95­111
of visual metaphors, 113­122
Semiotics of graphics, 48
Semiotics of Visual Language (Saint-Martin), 66
Sentences, 53
Setting, 107
Shaded table, 88
Shading, 172, 190
Shadows, 96, 197
Shapes, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 20, 70, 72, 74, 135, 171, 190, 196, 239
functional semantics of, 177, 178
three-dimensional, 89­90, 188, 195
Sharpness, 196
Sibbet, David, 215
Signs, signage, 14, 203
Silhouettes, 95, 197
Similarity, 75­76
Simon, Herbert, 237
"A Diagram Is (Sometimes) Worth 10,000 Words," 124
Simple network, 90
Situation, 107
Size(s), 135, 196
Social context
pragmatics and, 203­222
Software, 17, 18, 47
Somnium Scipionis, In (Cicero), 27
Sounds: visual portrayal of, 141­142
Source, 107
Space(s), 135, 152, 168
abstract and imaginary, 149­150
semantics of, 143­144
white/gray, 190, 196
Space-time, 153­154
image consistency and, 151­152
Spatial analysis, 20
Spatial time flow, 157
Sperry-Rand Corporation, 45, 47
Stage diagram, 129­130
Standards, 125
Stasis, 108
State diagram, 129­130
Statistical Breviary (Playfair), 33
Statistics, statisticians, 33­34, 38, 204
pictorial, 36, 39, 40
Step diagram, 127­128
Stereogram, 36
Storyboards, 152
Storytelling, 35, 37
Strategic overviews, 131, 132
Structure charts, 188
Structure diagram, 127­128
Structured writing, 244
Subheads, 190
Subject matter, 192
Subject-to-subject transitions, 153
Sublanguages, 5
Substitution: defined, 101
Sumerians, 23
Sundials, 167
Surface rendering, 47
Sutherland, Ivan, 47, 48
Sweller, John, 233
Symbols, 185
Synechdoche, 105
Syntax, 13, 51, 54, 73, 75­76, 92, 239
Synthesis, 227­228
Syria, 24
Systems, 169

Tabbellen-Statistik, Die, 29
Tables, 23, 27, 29, 44, 47, 87, 88
Target, 113
Team management, 204
Team performance model, 215­216
Technical writers, writing, 203
Technology, 49
Teleconferencing, 250
Television, 4, 16, 203
Text, 197
Text blocks, 70
Texture, 70
Theory of externalization of ideas in problem solving, 48
Theory of semiotics of graphics, 48
Theory of verbal/visual rhetoric, 47
Thinking, 213
Three-dimensional objects, 96
Three-dimensional population surface, 36
Three-dimensional shapes, 89­90
Tight integration, 157
communication units and, 99­100, 109­110
and intersecting vocabularies, 133­135
metaphors and, 113­122
percept­concept, 95­96
semantic devices and, 105­106
semantics, 101­104
semantic fusion, 97­98
temporal relationships and, 107­108
Time, 95, 126, 135, 151, 152, 157, 180
metaphors for, 115­116, 168
and tight integration, 107­108
Time lines, 35­36, 47­48, 168
biographical, 30, 31­32
Time series, 34
Titles, 190
Topffer, Rudolphe, 35, 37
Monsieur Crepin, Monsieur Pencil, 37
Topologies
multiple associations of, 85­86
radial network, 83­84
syntactical, 87­88, 92
visual, 81­82
visual levels of, 89­90
Total quality management. See TQM
Toward a Visual Culture (Gattegno), 4, 252
TQM, 60
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Wittgenstein), 251
Transitions: space-time, 153­154
Translation, 249
Transmission signals, 96
Tree diagram, 87
Tree-like structures, 188
Tree structures, 29
Ts'ai Lun, 27
Tufte, Edward, 48, 235, 236
Two-dimensional objects, 96
Twyman, Michael, 48, 229­230
Typography, 141­142

U. S. Navy Special Projects Office, 45
Unities, 69, 91
UNIVAC I computer, 45

Variables, 227
Valturio, Roberto, 28
Venetian blind, 156
Verbal elements, 240
Verbal rhetoric, 47
Verona, Joannes Nicodai de, 28
Vertical table, 87
Videoconferencing, 16
Virtual reality, 48, 240, 244
Visual cues, 184, 224
Visual culture, 4, 15­16
Visual elements, 61, 74, 128, 129, 240
Visual enlargements, 164
Visual outlines, 88
Visualization, scientific, 16, 29
Visual language,
definition of, 8
as language, 13­14
Visual levels: and topologies, 89­90
Visual rhetoric, 47
Visuals, 203
VLicon elements, 55­56, 57, 58, 109, 121, 253
Vocabularies, 158, 253
of composition, 145­146
diagram, 123­124, 158
intersection of, 133­134
of space, 143­144
Voice, 107
Volume rendering, 48

Warnok, John, 47
Watkins, Gary, 47
Watkins, Romney, 47
Way finding, 203
Web graphics, 204
Web pages, 186
What, 163­164, 177
When, 167­168
Where, 165­166
Which, 173­174
Who, 161­162
Wipe, 155
Wire frame diagrams, 164
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 13
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 251
Woodblocks, woodcuts, 28, 29
Words, 7, 9, 11­12, 20, 53, 71, 73, 239
and icons, 57­58
and media, 231­232
semantic content of, 128, 129
Work: globalization of, 15
Work flow charts, 36
World Wide Web (WWW), 15, 48, 50, 199, 204, 240, 243
Wren, Christopher, 29
Writing, 23, 27, 244
hieroglyphic, 7, 14, 25­26
WWW. See World Wide Web

Xerox, 47

Young, Thomas, 25

Zettl, Herbert, 147
Zeuner, Gustav, 3